Everything below concerns Epithalamin. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2026-05-23. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Animal and clinical reports appear mainly in Russian-language journals from the 1990s and 2000s, covering endpoints such as melatonin rhythm, lifespan in aged rodents, and retinal function. Many of these papers involve small groups, lack blinding or placebo comparison, and are difficult to retrieve through indexed databases. Review articles published in English generally summarise the claims without reanalysing the underlying data. Because no large randomised trial exists, the clinical importance of these reported effects stays unresolved and is properly described as an open question.
No national medicines regulator has approved epitalon as a therapeutic product. It is generally distributed as a research chemical, and in some jurisdictions selling peptides for human consumption without approval is restricted or prohibited. Certificates of analysis accompanying commercial material vary in which tests are performed, and independent verification of identity and purity is uncommon. Statements about anti-ageing or disease-prevention benefits on vendor pages are marketing claims rather than regulatory findings, a distinction that shapes how the compound is discussed in scientific and popular sources alike.
The most frequently cited laboratory finding is that AEDG increased telomerase activity and extended telomere length in cultured human somatic cells. That work used fetal fibroblast strains and reported changes in enzyme activity alongside altered division counts. Replication by unrelated groups has been limited, and the published record is largely a single-laboratory series rather than a multi-centre programme. The result supports a hypothesis about peptide influence on gene expression in cell culture; it does not by itself establish an effect on telomere length in living animals or in people.
Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide with the sequence alanine–glutamate–aspartate–glycine, commonly abbreviated AEDG. Its design traces to epithalamin, a peptide fraction prepared from bovine pineal gland extracts that researchers in Saint Petersburg began investigating in the 1970s. The compound has a molecular formula of C14H22N4O9 and a nominal molecular mass near 390 daltons. It holds no approved drug status in the United States or the European Union, and material sold under this name is generally offered as a research chemical rather than a finished pharmaceutical product.
Proposed mechanisms centre on cell-culture observations rather than a defined receptor interaction. Several reports describe increased expression of the telomerase catalytic subunit after exposure of cultured human cells, and the authors attributed the effect to short peptide fragments entering the nucleus and influencing gene transcription. No receptor for the tetrapeptide has been identified, and the free peptide is expected to be degraded rapidly by plasma peptidases. Whether any measurable fraction reaches intact tissues after administration remains an unresolved question rather than an established finding.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Regulatory status | Not an approved drug | Marketed in most countries as a research chemical |
| Main literature language | Russian and English | Early reports concentrated in Russian journals |
| Typical stated purity | ≥95% by HPLC | Supplier declaration, seldom independently verified |
| Principal studied endpoint | Telomerase activity in vitro | Measured in cultured human cells |
| Reported administration routes | Subcutaneous, intranasal | Described in exploratory use reports |
Dissolution is usually performed in water or a suitable aqueous buffer, and the resulting liquid is divided into single-use portions before freezing. Freeze-thaw cycling is a recognised source of loss for short peptides, since each cycle can encourage aggregation or adsorption onto container walls. Working solutions are generally kept cold and used within a short window, although published stability data specific to epitalon are thin. Containers should be marked with concentration and date, and solutions examined for cloudiness before use.
Identity is normally established by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, a pairing that separates components and confirms molecular mass at once. Purity is quoted as a percentage from the chromatogram, and figures above ninety-five percent are a frequent commercial specification. Amino acid analysis or sequencing supplies further confirmation when required. Because many short peptides behave similarly under chromatography, retention time alone does not establish sequence; the mass measurement is what separates one tetrapeptide from another, and certificates should report both.
Short peptides such as AEDG are normally supplied as a freeze-dried solid and are kept dry, cold, and shielded from light. Holding at minus twenty degrees Celsius is common for the long term, while a refrigerator suffices for brief periods before use. The material takes up moisture to some degree, so containers should stay sealed and be allowed to reach room temperature before opening, which limits condensation on the contents. Repeated warming and cooling of a single container is discouraged because it admits water and can lower the amount of intact peptide.
Discussions in the literature often conflate three distinct entities: the pineal extract epithalamin, the isolated tetrapeptide AEDG, and commercial preparations sold under similar names. Reviews citing older Russian-language studies sometimes omit detail on purity, route of administration and control groups, which makes cross-study comparison difficult. Researchers working with the compound generally note the need for independent replication, standardized enzyme assays, and clearer reporting of peptide identity. These caveats are relevant when weighing claims that appear in secondary sources rather than in primary reports.
（TG:@pojiaai）Epitalon is a synthetic linear tetrapeptide with the sequence alanine-glutamate-aspartate-glycine, abbreviated AEDG. It emerged from work on epithalamin, a peptide fraction prepared from bovine pineal tissue, and was designed as a short, chemically defined analogue of that extract. Early publications came mainly from Russian laboratories studying pineal peptides and aging-related endpoints. The compound appears in the literature under several spellings, including epithalon and epithalone, which complicates systematic searching. Its small size makes solid-phase assembly and routine analytical characterization straightforward.
Chemically, the molecule consists of four amino acid residues joined by three peptide bonds, with a free N-terminal amino group and a free C-terminal carboxyl group. Its molecular formula is C14H22N4O9, and its monoisotopic mass is approximately 390 daltons. The acidic glutamate and aspartate side chains give the peptide a net negative charge near neutral pH, a property that shapes its chromatographic behaviour and solubility profile. No disulfide bridges or other post-translational modifications are present, so the primary sequence alone defines the structure.
The most widely cited claim is that epitalon activates telomerase and thereby extends telomere length. Supporting evidence comes largely from cultured human cells, where treatment was associated with increased telomerase activity and delayed replicative senescence. Telomerase activation is a biologically consequential effect, since the enzyme is largely silenced in most somatic cells. However, the route by which a short peptide would reach and act on the enzyme's regulatory machinery has not been established. Independent replication in human trials is scarce, so the link between cell-culture observations and whole-body aging remains an open question.
Human data are limited to small studies, often without the randomization, blinding, or control groups expected in contemporary clinical research. Reported outcomes have included changes in melatonin levels, immune markers, and subjective measures, but sample sizes were generally too small to support firm conclusions. Some reviews treat the peptide as promising while noting methodological weaknesses; others question whether the observed effects are specific. The compound is frequently discussed in longevity-focused communities, where enthusiasm often outpaces the published evidence. Separating established findings from speculation is therefore important when reading summaries of this research.
Epitalon emerged from research conducted in Saint Petersburg by Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues, who studied short peptides as potential regulators of aging. The work built on epithalamin, a pineal gland extract reported to influence neuroendocrine function. Epitalon was designed as a synthetic counterpart with a defined sequence, allowing reproducible experiments that extracts could not support. Early publications described effects on melatonin rhythms and lifespan in animal models. These findings circulated mainly in Russian-language journals during the 1990s, which limited their visibility among English-speaking researchers.
Epitalon is a synthetic linear tetrapeptide with the sequence alanine–glutamate–aspartate–glycine, abbreviated AEDG. Its molecular formula is C14H22N4O9 and the calculated mass is approximately 390.35 g/mol. The compound is made by solid-phase peptide synthesis rather than extracted from tissue, although early work described it as a short fragment of a peptide fraction obtained from bovine pineal extract. In the research literature the spelling epitalon and the variant epithalone both appear, while AEDG is the standard code used in peptide nomenclature.
Several names circulate for the same molecule, including epitalon, epithalone, epithalamin tetrapeptide, and the sequence code AEDG. A CAS registry number, 307297-39-8, is commonly cited for it, though catalogue entries should be checked against supplier documentation because mislabelled records occur. In its usual form the peptide carries free amino and carboxyl termini and is neither glycosylated nor lipidated. Researchers distinguish the defined tetrapeptide from epithalamin itself, a crude pineal preparation containing many peptides that is not chemically characterised.
Material supplied for laboratory use is normally a lyophilised white to off-white powder that dissolves readily in water and in isotonic saline. Lyophilised cakes are hygroscopic and should be equilibrated to room temperature before opening to limit condensation on the solid. Solutions are typically prepared at milligram-per-millilitre concentrations and divided into single-use aliquots, because repeated freeze–thaw cycles degrade short peptides. Aqueous solutions are far less stable than the dry powder, and identity is usually verified by mass spectrometry alongside purity estimation from reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
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== Gameplay == In Firearms, players are divided into red and blue teams and are tasked with completing objectives. Objectives can vary from controlling areas to destroying objects. The main objective in all maps is to reduce the number of the opponent team's reinforcements to zero. Reinforcements determine the number of times players on a team can respawn. A team loses reinforcements when killed players respawn. The loss of reinforcements on a team can be stifled by completing map objectives and the direct and indirect actions of medics on the team. As long as a team has more than 0 reinforcements, players can respawn instantly. Firearms was the first FPS game to feature player-deployed parachutes. Unlike other games, players are free to choose what weapons they want to use. There are no classes (although players can choose predefined and editable weapon configurations) or a money system used to buy weapons. Instead, Firearms uses a credit system where every player can spend 30 credits on weapons. Every player receives a free knife regardless of the weapons configuration they choose. Players can spend their credits on weapons and equipment, ammunition is free and can be obtained from ammunition boxes available throughout most maps for when a player runs out. Players can buy skills by spending skill points. Every player starts out with 1 skill point and can earn another skill point for every 10 points they have. No more than 7 skill points can be obtained this way. The skill points can be used to buy skills which help the player.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Islam is the largest religion in Ningxia, adhered to by 34% of the population according to a 2010 survey. Many of the Han Chinese practise Chinese folk religions, Taoism, Confucianism and Chinese Buddhism. Christianity was the religion of 1.17% of the province's population according to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2004. In 2008, there were 3,760 mosques in Ningxia, which is about one per 1730 residents.
==== 1.A α-type channels ==== 1.A.1 Voltage-gated ion channel superfamily 1.A.2 Inward-rectifier K+ channel family 1.A.3 Ryanodine-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor Ca2+ channel family 1.A.4 Transient receptor potential Ca2+ channel family 1.A.5 Polycystin cation channel family 1.A.6 Epithelial Na+ channel family 1.A.7 ATP-gated P2X receptor cation channel family 1.A.8 Major intrinsic protein superfamily 1.A.9 Neurotransmitter receptor, Cys loop, ligand-gated ion channel family 1.A.10 Glutamate-gated ion channel family of neurotransmitter receptors 1.A.11 Ammonium channel transporter family 1.A.12 Intracellular chloride channel family 1.A.13 Epithelial chloride channel family 1.A.14 Testis-enhanced gene transfer family 1.A.15 Nonselective cation channel-2 family 1.A.16 Formate-nitrite transporter family 1.A.17 Calcium-dependent chloride channel family 1.A.18 Chloroplast envelope anion-channel-forming Tic110 family 1.A.19 Type A influenza virus matrix-2 channel family 1.A.20 BCL2/Adenovirus E1B-interacting protein 3 family 1.A.21 Bcl-2 family 1.A.22 Large-conductance mechanosensitive ion channel 1.A.23 Small-conductance mechanosensitive ion channel 1.A.24 Gap-junction-forming connexin family 1.A.25 Gap-junction-forming innexin family 1.A.26 Mg2+ transporter-E family 1.A.27 Phospholemman family 1.A.28 Urea transporter family 1.A.29 Urea/amide channel family 1.A.30 H+- or Na+-translocating bacterial MotAB flagellar motor/ExbBD outer-membrane transport energizer superfamily 1.A.31 Annexin family 1.A.32 Type B influenza virus NB channel family 1.A.33 Cation-channel-forming heat shock protein 70 family 1.A.34 Bacillus gap junction-like channel-forming complex family 1.A.35 CorA metal ion transporter family 1.A.36 Intracellular chloride channel family 1.A.37 CD20 Ca2+ channel family 1.A.38 Golgi pH regulator family 1.A.39 Type C influenza virus CM2 channel family 1.A.40 Human immunodeficiency virus type I Vpu channel family 1.A.41 Avian reovirus p10 Vvroporin family 1.A.42 HIV viral protein R family 1.A.43 Camphor resistance or fluoride exporter family 1.A.44 Pore-forming tail Tip pb2 protein of phage T5 family 1.A.45 Phage P22 injectisome family 1.A.46 Anion channel-forming bestrophin family 1.A.47 Nucleotide-sensitive anion-selective channel, ICln family 1.A.48 Anion channel Tweety family 1.A.49 Human coronavirus ns12.9 viroporin family 1.A.50 Phospholamban (Ca2+-channel and Ca2+-ATPase regulator) family 1.A.51 The Voltage-gated Proton Channel (VPC) Family 1.A.52 The Ca2+ Release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) Channel (CRAC-C) Family 1.A.53 The Hepatitis C Virus P7 Viroporin Cation-selective Channel (HCV-P7) Family 1.A.54 The Presenilin ER Ca2+ Leak Channel (Presenilin) Family 1.A.55 The Synaptic Vesicle-Associated Ca2+ Channel, Flower (Flower) Family 1.A.56 The Copper Transporter (Ctr) Family 1.A.57 The Human SARS Coronavirus Viroporin (SARS-VP) 1.A.58 The Type B Influenza Virus Matrix Protein 2 (BM2-C) Family 1.A.59 The Bursal Disease Virus Pore-Forming Peptide, Pep46 (Pep46) Family 1.A.60 The Mammalian Reovirus Pre-forming Peptide, Mu-1 (Mu-1) Family 1.A.61 The Insect Nodavirus Channel-forming Chain F (Gamma-Peptide) Family 1.A.62 The Homotrimeric Cation Channel (TRIC) Family 1.A.63 The Ignicoccus Outer Membrane α-helical Porin (I-OMP Family 1.A.64 The Plasmolipin (Plasmolipin) Family 1.A.65 The Coronavirus Viroporin E Protein (Viroporin E) Family 1.A.66 The Pardaxin (Pardaxin) Family 1.A.67 The Membrane Mg2+ Transporter (MMgT) Family 1.A.68 The Viral Small Hydrophobic Viroporin (V-SH) Family 1.A.69 The Heteromeric Odorant Receptor Channel (HORC) Family 1.A.70 The Molecule Against Microbes A (MamA) Family 1.A.71 The Brain Acid-soluble Protein Channel (BASP1 Channel) Family 1.A.72 The Mer Superfamily 1.A.73 The Colicin Lysis Protein (CLP) Family 1.A.74 The Mitsugumin 23 (MG23) Family 1.A.75 The Mechanical Nociceptor, Piezo (Piezo) Family 1.A.76 The Magnesium Transporter1 (MagT1) Family 1.A.77 The Mg2+/Ca2+ Uniporter (MCU) Family 1.A.78 The K+-selective Channel in Endosomes and Lysosomes (KEL) Family 1.A.79 The Cholesterol Uptake Protein (ChUP) or Double Stranded RNA Uptake Family 1.A.80 The NS4a Viroporin (NS4a) Family 1.A.81 The Low Affinity Ca2+ Channel (LACC) Family 1.A.82 The Hair Cell Mechanotransduction Channel (HCMC) Family 1.A.83 The SV40 Virus Viroporin VP2 (SV40 VP2) Family 1.A.84 The Calcium Homeostasis Modulator Ca2+ Channel (CALHM-C) Family 1.A.85 The Poliovirus 2B Viroporin (2B Viroporin) Family 1.A.86 The Human Papilloma Virus type 16 (HPV16) L2 Viroporin (L2 Viroporin) Family 1.A.87 The Mechanosensitive Calcium Channel (MCA) Family 1.A.88 The Fungal Potassium Channel (F-Kch) Family 1.A.89 The Human Coronavirus 229E Viroporin (229E Viroporin) Family 1.A.90 The Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) Viroporin (HMPV-Viroporin) Family 1.A.91 The Cytoadherence-linked Asexual Protein 3.2 of Plasmodium falciparum (Clag3) Family 1.A.92 The Reovirus Viroporin VP10 (RVP10) Family 1.A.93 The Bluetongue Virus Non-Structural Protein 3 Viroporin (NS3) Family 1.A.94 The Rotavirus Non-structural Glycoprotein 4 Viroporin (NSP4) Family 1.A.95 The Ephemerovirus Viroporin (EVVP) Family 1.A.96 The Human Polyoma Virus Viroporin (PVVP) Family 1.A.97 The Human Papillomavirus type 16 E5 Viroporin (HPV-E5) Family 1.A.98 Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 P13 protein (HTLV1-P13) Family 1.A.99 The Infectious Bronchitis Virus Envelope Small Membrane Protein E (IBV-E) Family 1.A.100 The Rhabdoviridae Putative Viroporin, U5 (RV-U5) Family 1.A.101 The Peroxisomal Pore-forming Pex11 (Pex11) Family 1.A.102 Influenza A viroporin PB1-F2 (PB1-F2) Family 1.A.103 The Simian Virus 5 (Parainfluenza Virus 5) SH (SV5-SH) Family 1.A.104 The Proposed Flagellar Biosynthesis Na+ Channel, FlaH (FlaH) Family 1.A.105 The Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-like (MLKL) Family 1.A.106 The Calcium Load-activated Calcium Channel (CLAC) Family 1.A.107 The Pore-forming Globin (Globin) Family
==== Honorary appointments ==== Honorary General of the Swedish Army, 1888 Colonel-in-chief of the 1st King's Dragoon Guards, British Army, 25 March 1896 – 1914 Colonel-in-chief of the Kexholm Life Guards Grenadier Regiment, Russian Army, until 26 June 1914 Colonel-in-chief of the 12th Belgorod Lancer Regiment, Russian Army, until 26 June 1914 Colonel-in-chief of the 16th (Schleswig-Holstein) Hussars, German Army Colonel-in-chief of the 122nd (Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, King of Hungary (4th Württemberg) Fusiliers Honorary Colonel of the 38th León Infantry Regiment, Spanish Army, 30 November 1905 Field Marshal of the British Army, 1 September 1903 – 1914
=== General protein characteristics === The EPCIP protein in humans has a sequence that is 219 amino acids in length. The primary sequence of EPCIP in humans has a molecular weight of 24.9 kDa and an isoelectric point of 8. When it's cleavable signal peptide, which spans amino acids 1-19, is removed, it has a molecular weight of 22.8 kDa and an isoelectric point of 7.8.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Small studies with human participants have been reported, chiefly in Russian-language journals, but they are limited in size and design. No large randomised controlled trial with published results is available.
The most reproducible biochemical observation comes from cultured cells, where the peptide was reported to raise telomerase activity. Whether this translates into measurable health effects in animals or humans is not established.
It is offered as a research chemical for laboratory use, which places it outside the approval pathways applied to medicines. Buyers should expect documentation to differ between suppliers.
No. Epithalamin is a heterogeneous peptide fraction obtained from pineal gland extract and contains many components. Epitalon is a single synthetic tetrapeptide with the sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly. Researchers synthesised the shorter peptide while attempting to identify active sequences within the extract.